Indonesia

Modern-day: Indonesia

Indonesia anchors this paper's "balance" case: independently top-ranked for years running in the Charities Aid Foundation's World Giving Index, and home to BAZNAS, a national zakat institution whose formal collection nonetheless captures only a small fraction of the country's estimated zakat potential.

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Research Paper
Islam or Muslim Culture? Measuring the Distance Between Revelation and Practice
A historical-critical essay testing whether practices commonly defended as Islamic -- from denying women their Qur'anic inheritance shares to state corruption and the political shaping of orthodoxy -- rest on the Qur'an itself, or on later interpretation, historical tradition, absorbed local custom, and political authority defended in revelation's name.